The Lunar Development Cooperative
An Institution for Growing a Sustainable Lunar Economy
The Concept
The LDC will mobilize sovereign and private capital from around the world to fund infrastructure to support responsible operations on the Moon.
LDC-funded infrastructure will be available to any space company or government agency that agrees to become an LDC member.
Members will help develop, and be contractually bound to, shared standards and rules of conduct designed to reduce risk and conflict – laying the foundations for a sustainable lunar economy.
The Challenge
Growing a lunar economy requires infrastructure that expands access for a broad range of customers and suppliers from many nations. Yet, no single government or company is likely to make the long-return investments needed to lower barriers to entry for all. And, when certain locations become popular, who will help prevent interference and conflict?
What is the LDC?
A funder of shared infrastructure for space companies & government agencies that opt-in as members.
Nations buy up to 49% of LDC shares. The private sector buys the rest. Developing nations have affordable access to shares.
A public-benefit company with safeguards to align its incentives with the long-term interests of the lunar economy.
A voluntary organization for developing shared standards & contractual rules of conduct to reduce risks and costs among members.
Manages a registry to prevent conflict at high-demand locations & deposits.
Operationalizes international agreements like the Outer Space Treaty & UN principles through the terms of its member contracts.
How it Works
Why Take Part
Commercial Space Companies:
The LDC will be a new source of funding for space companies, paying them to develop economy-enabling infrastructure for members.
LDC members will have lower risks and costs by using shared services, de-confliction rules, and interoperability standards with other members.
The LDC will greatly expand the market by lowering the barriers for many more nations and companies to operate in space as customers and suppliers.
International Policymakers:
The LDC’s member contracts operationalize international agreements and make space law more effective by translating general principles into specific, binding, and enforceable terms.
The LDC is a highly practical and efficient institution for implementing international norms and does not need a new treaty or an international regulatory authority to operate.
Nations with Major Space Programs:
The LDC bears responsibility for economic development, shifting the burden off government space agencies and allowing them to focus resources on their core mandates (e.g., science, exploration, and inspiration).
Nations without Major Space Programs:
The LDC is an infrastructure investment, not a space budget appropriation, allowing nations to use already existing investment reserves to develop space capabilities.
LDC infrastructure will greatly lower barriers to operating on the Moon, allowing more nations to demonstrate their capabilities and build national prestige.
The LDC will make stock options available to developing nations and indigenous groups, allowing them to invest more affordably than advanced nations.
Large Commercial Space Companies:
Large scale infrastructure requires an enormous capital investment that does not yield returns for several decades – and most of the value it creates is externalized. This means ordinary private-sector companies will be far less able to provide major infrastructure independently at a quality comparable to LDC-funded infrastructure.
Even the largest companies on Earth rely on shared roads, seaports, power, and communications infrastructure. If they had to build all this themselves, it would be too difficult to generate a profit within a time horizon acceptable to their investors. The same is true in space – with the LDC, companies can shift their resources to more profitable business activities.
Smaller companies will be reluctant to rely on infrastructure provided by a potential competitor in their market, making it difficult for major commercial infrastructure providers to earn their trust.
Rest of Humanity:
The LDC will enable everyone on earth to directly benefit financially from the space economy by making its shares available on a universally accessible trading platform at a very low minimum investment.
LDC shares are an asset that will rise in value proportionally to the overall level of lunar development, enabling the world’s poor to have an equity stake in space.
Learn More about the Concept
Videos:
LDC Concept Explainer Video Series - Short, 2-5 minute videos outlining the concept.
Downloadable Resources:
One-Page Summary - a concise document presenting the information outlined above about the LDC concept.
LDC White Paper - the most comprehensive description of the LDC concept yet. Published in the Beyond Earth Institute’s 2024 Reports and Recommendations.
Citation: Michael Castle-Miller, “The Lunar Development Cooperative: A Framework for the Sustainable Development of Space” in Beyond Earth Institute Leadership Council, 2024 Reports and Recommendations (Steven Hoeser & Lauren Andrade, eds) (2024).
The Lunar Development Cooperative: A Transnational Framework for a Sustainable Lunar Economy - A more concise description of the LDC concept, presented at IAC 2025
Citation: Michael R. Castle-Miller, Brent Sherwood, Hoyt Davidson, Steve Wolfe, Andrew Aldrin, Bhavya Lal, Michael Nayak, Pablo Moncada, & Duncan Blake, The Lunar Development Cooperative: A Transnational Framework for a Sustainable Lunar Economy (manuscript presented at the Int’l Astronautical Cong. (IAC) 2025) (IAC-25-E3,IP,21,x101270).
Lunar Freeports and Economic Zones: The Role of Special Jurisdictions in Space - analyzing the role of historic freeports and their potential application to space.
Citation: Michael R. Castle-Miller and Brent Sherwood, Lunar Freeports and Economic Zones: The Role of Special Jurisdictions in Space (manuscript submitted for presentation at the Int’l Astronautical Cong. (IAC 2025) (IAC-25-E6,IP,20,x100653).
How You Can Take Part
Space Industry, Policymakers, and Research Organizations:
Ask about joining the core group shaping the LDC [Link to Team Page]
Philanthropists, Grant Funders, and Investors:
Contact us about how you can build the foundation for a sustainable lunar economy as an LDI anchor supporter.
Everyone else:
Join our contact list to keep up with our progress. [Link to: https://preview.mailerlite.io/forms/1683885/160650899451021000/share]
